Ammi Phillips (1788 – 1865) was a prolific American itinerant portrait painter active from the mid 1810s to the early 1860s in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. His artwork is identified as folk art, primitive art, provincial art, and itinerant art without consensus among scholars, pointing to the enigmatic nature of his work and life. He is attributed to over eight hundred paintings, although only eleven are signed.
While his paintings are formulaic in nature, Phillips paintings were under constant construction, evolving as he added or discarded what he found successful, while taking care to add personal details that spoke to the identity of those who hired him. He is most famous for his portraits of children in red, although children only account for ten percent of his entire body of work. The most well known of this series, Girl in Red Dress with Cat and Dog, sold in 1985 for one million dollars, a first for folk art. His paintings hung mostly unidentified, spare for some recognition in the collections like those of Edward Duff Balken, for decades until his oeuvre was reconstructed by Barbara Holdridge and Larry Holdridge, collectors and students of American folk art, with the support of the art historian Mary Black. Ammi Phillips's body of work was expanded by their discovery that the mysterious paintings of a "Kent Limner" and "Border Limner" were indeed his.
Phillips pursued a long and successful career over fifty years, taking to the road as an itinerant artist painting portraits of clusters of friends, relatives, and neighbors in New York State and New England. His stock in trade was the plain likeness, devoid of shadows or modeling. Although he depended on repetitious formulas to work efficiently as he traveled the countryside, he was nevertheless able to individualize his sitters imaginatively. In "Mrs. Mayer and Daughter," Phillips’s masterful design abilities are evident in the cleanly contained forms of the mother and child, enriched by the use of brilliant, saturated color and careful detail.
As the life and work of Ammi Phillips has emerged, the Connecticut native has been revealed as a prolific artist of enormous complexity and scope, whose imagination, sensitivity, and sheer individualism makes him a star in the universe of American naïve painters.
Although there is no record of Phillips having had any formal art instruction, on his travels he doubtless encountered the work of other limners working in the same area as well as the work of more academic artists. Notably, Ezra Ames (1768–1836), a generation older than Phillips, modeled his painting practice after the work of Gilbert Stuart, replicating a sophisticated style of painting that reflected the taste of contemporary London. Ames painted over 700 portraits as well as landscapes, history, and genre. Active primarily between 1800 and 1820, he was a prominent citizen of Albany, serving in his later years as a bank president. As Vanderlyn shrewdly perceived, Phillips painted for a different audience, his portraits meeting the needs and tastes of his rural gentry clientele.
As the century progressed, Phillips adjusted his style to meet the circumstances of his times and his clientele. While he may have begun at first with profiles, he soon acquired the skills to paint fully realized portraits. This portrait, an unidentified woman has been dated to sometime between 1824 and 1829, is in the style of Phillips’ so called “Realist Period,” when he had brought his skills to a high polish.
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| Henrietta Dorr, 1814 |
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| Henrietta Dorr, 1814 |
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| Caleb Sherman, 1815 |
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| Harriet Leavens, 1815 |
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| Mrs. Wilbur Sherman and daughter Sarah, 1815 |
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| Wilbur Sherman, 1815 |
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| Colonel Nathan Beckwith, 1817 |
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| Portrait of Mrs. Robinson, 1819 |
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| Jane Daney Smith, 1820 |
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| Lady in White, 1820 |
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| Mrs. Charles Westley Powers, 1829 |
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| Portrait of Margaret Platt Bockee, 1829 |
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| Catherine A. May, 1830 |
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| Portrait of a Child in a Plaid Dress with a Dog, 1830 |
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| The Strawberry Girl, 1830 |
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| Thomas Storm, 1830 |
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| Girl in a Red Dress with a Dog, 1830-35 |
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| Betsy Sutherland, 1832 |
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| Girl in Pink, 1832 |
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| Wife of the Journalist, 1832 |
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| Andrew Jackson Ten Broeck, 1834 |
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| Girl in Pink Dress with Dog, 1835 |
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| Henry Teller, 1835 |
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| Jane Storm Teller, 1835 |
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| Mrs. Mayer and Daughter, 1835–40 |
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| Blond Boy with Primer, Peach, and Dog, 1836 |
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| Jeannette Woolley, Later Mrs. John Vincent Storm, 1838 |
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| Portrait of Jane Kinney, 1848 |
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Double Portrait of Theron Simpson Ludington
and His Older Sister Virginia Ludington, 1852 |
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